hindi videshee vidwaano dwaaraa

fons'kh
fo}kuksa }kjk fgUnh okM~-ehekalkijd v/;;u ¼fQykWykftdy LVMht½
¼lu~ 1940 bZ0 rd½

------------izksQslj
egkohj lju tSu

vaxzstksa
ds 'kkludky esa Hkkjr esa dsoy fczfV'k ukxfjd gh ugha vk,( gkyS.M]
teZuh] Ýkal] :l ,oa vesfjdk vkfn ns'kksa ds ukxfjd Hkh vk,A
vkxr fons'kh iknfj;ksa] deZpkfj;ksa] iz'kkldksa esa ls cgqr ls
fonsf'k;ksa us Je ,oa fu"BiwoZd fgUnh lh[kh rFkk fgUnh lh[kdj
fgUnh dh ikB~; iqLrdksa] fgUnh ds O;kdj.kksa ,oa dks'kksa dk fuekZ.k
fd;kA muds v/;;u vkt ds Hkk"kk oSKkfud fo'ys"k.k ,oa i)fr
ds vuq:i Hkys gh u gksa fdUrq fgUnh Hkk"kk ds okM~-ehekalkijd
v/;;u dh n`f"V ls mudk ,sfrgkfld egRo cgqr vf/kd gSA bu fons'kh
fo}kuksa esa MkW0 gkuZys] MkW0 fxz;lZu rFkk MkW0 VuZj tSls iz[;kr ,oa
es/kkoh Hkk"kkfon~ Hkh gSaA buds dk;ksZa ls u dsoy fgUnh Hkk"kk
dk fodkl gqvk vfirq Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkvksa dh v/;;u &ijEijk
dk ekxZ Hkh iz'kLr gqvkA Hkkjr fon~;k ds {ks= esa dk;Z djus okys
fons'kh fo}kuksa dh la[;k 'krkf/kd gSA vkxs fgUnh okM~-ehekalk ds
izeq[k fons'kh fo}kuksa ,oa mudh d`fr;ks adk dky Øekuqlkj
ifjp; izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gS %&

1- tku
ts'kqvk dsVysj ¼1659&1718½

Mp
Hkk"kh dsVysj O;kikj ds fy, lwjr 'kgj esa vk,A O;kikj ds fy,
bUgsa lwjr ls fnYyh] vkxjk vkSj ykgkSj vkuk iM+rk FkkA Hkkjr vkus ds
ckn bUgksaus fgUnh lh[kh rFkk vius ns'k ds yksxksa ds fy, Mp Hkk"kk
esa fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k fy[kkA bl Mp ewy dh udy blkd
Qku nj gwQ (Isaac
Van der Hoeve) uked
gkWyS.Moklh us lu~ 1698 bZloh esa dhA bldk vuqokn nkohn fey us ySfVu
Hkk"kk esa fd;kA gkWyS.M ds ykbMu uxj ls ySfVu Hkk"kk esa
lu~ 1743 bZLoh esa ;g iqLrd izdkf'kr gqbZA bl izdkf'kr iqLrd dh ,d
izfr dksydrk dh us'kuy ykbZczsjh esa miyC/k gSA

bl
O;kdj.k dk fooj.k loZizFke MkW0 fxz;lZu us izLrqr fd;k %&

^^vc
ge igys fgUnqLrkuh O;kdj.k ij vkrs gSaA tku ts'kqvk dsVysj¼;g
dksVyj] dslyj rFkk dsVyj Hkh fy[kk tkrk gS½ /keZ ls ywFkju
FksA bUgksaus 'kkg vkye cgknqj 'kkg rFkk tgk¡nj'kkg ls Mp
izfrfuf/k ds :i esa ekU;rk izkIr dh FkhA** ^¼1½

MkW0
fxz;lZu us vuqeku ds vk/kkj ij bldk jpukdky lu~ 1715 ekuk gS fdUrq
okLro esa bldk jpukdky lu~ 1698 ds iwoZ dk gSA

MkW0
lquhfr dqekj pkVqT;kZ us vius fuca/k laxzg ^_rEHkjk* esa bl d`fr ds

lEcU/k
esa ifjp; ,oa fooj.k izLrqr fd;kA MkW0 pkVqT;kZ ds ys[k dk 'kh"kZd
gS & ^fgUnqLrkuh dk lcls izkphu O;kdj.k*A MkW0 pkVqT;kZ dk blds
jpukdky ds lEcU/k esa vfHker gS &

^^gkySaM
ds ykbMu uxj esa duZ baLVhV~;wV~ uked ,d uohu lHkk gSA ;g Hkkjr rFkk
c`gÙkj Hkkjr dh laLd`fr dh vkykspuk ds fy, LFkkfir dh xbZ gSA
mlds eq[; vf/k"Bkrk Louke/kU; iafMr MkDVj QkaWxy us Lo;a ,d i=
fy[kdj dsVysj ds O;kdj.k ds fo"k; esa cgqr dqN rF; crk;s gSaA
muls irk pyrk gS fd dsVysj us fgUnqLrkuh vkSj Qkjlh nksuksa
Hkk"kkvksa ds O;kdj.k Mp Hkk"kk esa fy[ks FksA Mp ewy dh ,d
udy blkd Qku nj gwQ (Isaac
Van der Hoeve) uked
gkySaMoklh us lu~ 1698 bZ0 esa y[kuÅ esa dh FkhA ;g iqLrd
gkyS.M ds gkx (Hague)
uxj
ds iqjkus jktdh; i=ksa ds laxzgky; esa lqjf{kr gSA** ^¼2½

izLrqr
ys[kd us tqykbZ 1985 esa uhnjyS.M~l dh ;k=k ds nkSjku iqLrd dh izfr
dk voyksdu fd;kA izfr dk eq[k i`"B fuEu gS %&

"instructe off
onderwij singe der hindostane en persianse talen nevens hare
declinatie en conjugative etc. door joan josua katelaar, Ellingensem
en Gekopiert door Isaacq Van Der Hoeve Van Utreght tot Gechenawe A.
1698.

fgUnh
ds dqN fo)kuksa esa ;g HkzkUr /kkj.kk gS fd dsVysj us bl O;kdj.k dh
jpuk lwjr ds vklikl O;kikjh oxZ esa izpfyr fgUnh ds vk/kkj ij dh FkhA
bl HkzkUr /kkj.kk dk fujkdj.k fgUnh esa loZizFke MkW0 mn;ukjk;.k
frokjh ,oa Jh eSF;q osPpqj us fd;kA bl d`fr ds lEcU/k esa MkW0
mn;ukjk;.k frokjh ds fopkj izLrqr djuk lehphu gksxk %&

^^---------------
dsVysj d`r ^^fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk** dh jpuk vkxjs eas gqbZ FkhA
vr,o bl ij cztHkk"kk ,oa if'peh fgUnh dk izHkko Li"V :i ls
n`f"Vxkspj gksrk gSA-------- dsVysj dk O;kdj.k vfr laf{kIr gSA
;g yxHkx 30 i`"Bksa dk gS fdUrq blesa fgUnh lh[kus okyksa ds fy,
izk;% lHkh vko';d ckrksa dk lekos'k gSA bldh ,d fo'ks"krk ;g Hkh
gS fd blesa vfr iz;qDr fØ;kvksa dh :ijs[kk] ^dkyjpuk&lkfjuh*
lfgr] nh xbZ gSA iqLrd ds vUr esa izkFkZukvksa dk fgUnqLrkuh vuqokn
Hkh fn;k x;k gSA buesa ^^nl fu;e*] ^^izsfjrksa dk fo'okl**] vkSj ^^gs
firk** ds vuqokn miyC/k gSaA tSlk eSaus Åij dgk gS] bu
x|ka'kksa esa vkxjs dh fgUnh ;k [kM+h cksyh dk vkjfEHkd :i ns[kk tk
ldrk gS vkSj ml ij czt&Hkk"kk dk izHkko Hkh fn[kkbZ iM+rk
gSA^¼3½

Jh
eSF;q osPpwj us dksydrk dh us'kuy ykbczsjh esa bl d`fr ds ySfVu
vuqokn dks vk/kkj cukdj bldk fgUnh vuqokn izLrqr fd;k gSA ^¼4½

bldh
Hkk"kk esa dgha&dgha v'kq) :i feyrs gSa tSls ^^eSa** ds
LFkku ij ^^es**] ^^rqEgkjk** ds LFkku ij ^^rksEekjk** rFkk ^^rqe** ds
LFkku ij ^^rkse**A ^us* ijlxZ dk iz;ksx ugha gqvk gSA ^^blus** ds
LFkku ij ^^bUus**] ^^eq>dks** ds LFkku ij ^^eqdksa ¼eksdksa½]
^^ugha** ds LFkku ij ^^ubZ** dk iz;ksx gqvk gS tks vkxjs esa cksyh
tkus okyh LFkkuh; fgUnh ds izHkko dk |ksrd gSA vuwfnr izkFkZukvksa
esa ls ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr gS] ^^es gS lkgsc rksEekjk vYyk] og tks rkse
,ftfIr xqykeh ls fudky ys x;k] rkse vkSj vYykgs esjk cjkcj er
yhft;ksA** ¼eSa izHkq rqEgkjk bZ'oj gw¡] tks rqEgs felz
ns'k dh nklrk ls fudkydj ys vk;k] esjs flok; rqe vkSj fdlh bZ'oj dks
u ekuuk½

2- csatkfeu
'kwYt+ % xzkekfVdk fgUnksLrkfudk

Msfu'k
Hkk"kh MkW0 'kwYt+ izksVsLVsUV fe'kujh FksA ;s igys rfeyukMq esa
dk;Zjr Fks] ckn esa gSnjkckn vk x,A vkidh e`R;q lu~ 1760 bZ0 esa
teZuh ds gkys uxj esa gqbZA dk;Z djrs gq, budks nkf;Ro&cks/k gqvk
fd Hkkjr esa vkus okys fe'kufj;ksa dks fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk ls voxr
djkuk pkfg,A fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk ds lEcU/k esa ys[kd us viuh
Hkwfedk esa fy[kk] ^^;g Hkk"kk vius vki esa cgqr gh ljy gSA eSa
tc ;g Hkk"kk lh[kus yxk rks eq>s vR;f/kd dfBukbZ dk vuqHko
gqvk ------------- ysfdu bl Hkk"kk dks lh[kus dh rhoz bPNk ds
dkj.k yxkrkj nks eghus ds ifjJe ds QyLo:i lkjh dfBukbZ tkrh jghA
vkjEHk esa gh eSaus bl Hkk"kk ds Kku dh vko';d ckrksa] fo'ks"k
:i ls 'kCn&Øe dks fy[k fy;k FkkA /khjs&/khjs ,d
O;kdj.k dh lkexzh ,d= gks x;hA ckn esa bls Øekuqlkj ltkdj
iqLrd dk :i fn;k x;kA** ^¼5½

'kwYt+
us viuk O;kdj.k ySfVu Hkk"kk esa fy[kkA Hkwfedk dh frfFk 30 twu
lu~ 1741 bZ0 gSA izdk'ku frfFk 30 tuojh 1745 bZ0 gSA

bl
O;kdj.k esa dqy Ng v/;k; gSaA v/;k; ,d esa o.kZekyk ls lEcfU/kr fopkj
gSaA blh v/;k; esa ys[kd us fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk ds lEcU/k esa rfey
Hkkf"k;ksa dh bl ekU;rk dk izfriknu fd;k gS fd fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk
;k nsoukxje lkjh Hkk"kkvksa dh ekrk gSA v/;k; nks esa laKk ,oa
fo'ks"k.k] v/;k; rhu esa loZuke] v/;k; pkj esa fØ;k]
v/;k; ikap esa vO;; ¼ijlxZ] fØ;k fo'ks"k.k] leqPp;
cks/kd] foLe;kfn cks/kd½ rFkk v/;k; Ng esa okD; jpuk dk foospu
gSA ifjf'k"V esa izsfjrksa ds fo'okl dh izkFkZuk] [kkoan dh
canxh] cifrlek] [kkoan dh jkr dh gkftjh] nl fu;e] gs firk izkFkZuk dk
fo'ys"k.k vkfn fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk esa fn, x, gSaS ftl ij
gSnjkckn esa ml le; cksyh tkus okyh nfD[kuh fgUnh dk izHkko ifjyf{kr
gSA 'kCnksa dks jkseu fyfi ,oa Qkjlh fyfi esa fn;k x;k gSA

MkW0
fxz;lZu us bl jpuk ds lEcU/k esa fy[kk gS %&

^^---------------
bldk iwjk 'kh"kZd gS Benjamini
Schulzii, Grammatica, Hindostanica, .................. O;kdj.k
ySfVu esa gSA fgUnqLrkuh 'kCn Qkjlh&vjch fyfi esa vuqokn lfgr
fn;s x;s gSaA ----------mUgksaus ew/kZU; o.kksZa dh /ofu;ksa dks vkSj
vius vuqokn esa egkizk.kksa dks NksM+ fn;k gSA os iq:"kokpd
loZukeksa ds ,dopu ,oa cgqopu :iksa ls ifjfpr gSa] fdUrq ldeZd
fØ;kvksa ds Hkwrdkyksa ds lkFk iz;qDr gksus okys ^^us** ds
iz;ksx ls vufHkK gSaA**^¼6½

ys[kd
us deZdkjd ,oa lEiznku dkjd dk :i ^^dq¡** ekuk gS tks nfD[kuh
fgUnh ds izHkko ds dkj.k gSA

gqekdqa
¼gedks] gekjs fy,½] fe>dqa ¼eq>s] esjs
fy,½A blh izdkj ^^rq>dqa** ^^dkSu dqa** ^^mu dqa**
^^budqa** ^^bldqa** ^^fdu dqa** ^^dksbZ dqa** vkfn :i fn, x, gSaA

bl
iqLrd ls ,d mnkgj.k izLrqr gS %&

^^NksVk
HkkbZ Hkkx x;k ddks gekjk cki fe>dqa ekywe fd;sA**

¼gekjs
firk us eq>s le>k;k ¼ekywe djk;k½ fd NksVk HkkbZ
Hkkx x;kA½

3- dSfl;kuks
csfyxRrh % vYQkcsrqe czEgkfudqe

vki
dSFkfyd dSiwfpu fe'kujh bVyh ds epsjkrk uxj ds jgus okys FksA vkjEHk
esa bUgksaus frCcr esa dk;Z fd;k FkkA ckn eas usiky gksdj fcgkj ds
csfr;k uxj esa vk clsA bUgksaus iVuk esa Hkh /keZ izpkj dk dk;Z fd;kA
iVuk esa jgdj bUgksaus ^^vYQkcsrqe czEgkfudqe* dk ySfVu Hkk"kk
esa iz.k;u fd;kA bldk izdk'ku lu~ 1771 bZ0 esa gqvkA bldh fo'ks"krk
;g gS fd blesa ukxjh ds v{kj ,oa 'kCn lqUnj Vkbiksa esa eqfnzr gSaA
fxz;lZu ds vuqlkj ;g fgUnh o.kZekyk lEcU/kh Js"B jpuk gS %&

"taking it
together, the Alphabetum Brammhanicum is, for its time, a wonderfully
good piece of work." ⁽⁷⁾

v/;k;
,d esa Loj] v/;k; nks esa ewy O;atu] v/;k; rhu esa O;atuksa ds
mPpkj.k ds fo'ks"k fooj.k] v/;k; pkj esa O;atuksa ds lkFk Lojksa
dk la;ksx] v/;k; ik¡p esa Loj&la;qDr O;atu] v/;k; Ng esa
la;qDrk{kj vkSj muds uke] v/;k; lkr esa la;qDrk{kj dh rkfydk] v/;k;
vkB esa fdl izdkj fgUnqLrkuh dqN v{kjksa dh deh iwjh djrs gSa] v/;k;
ukS esa ukxjh ;k turk dh o.kZekyk] v/;k; nl esa fgUnqrkuh o.kZekyk dh
ySfVu o.kZekyk ds Øe vkSj mPpkj.k ds lkFk rqyuk] v/;k; X;kjg
esa vjch vadks ds lkFk fgUnqLrkuh vadks vkSj v{kjksa esa la[;k,a rFkk
v/;k; ckjg esa

v/;srkvksa
ds vH;kl ds fy, dqN izkFkZuk,a Hkh ^^fgUnqLrkuh fyfi** esa nh xbZ
gSaA blesa ySfVu izkFkZukvksa dk ^^fgUnqLrkuh fyfi** esa dsoy
fyI;arj.k feyrk gSA var esa fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk esa ^^gs firk**
vkfn izkFkZuk,a vuwfnr gSaA

v/;k;
ukS ds varxZr turk dh o.kZekyk ij izdk'k Mkyrs gq, ys[kd us fy[kk gS
%&

^^;gk¡
turk ds ^^ukxjh** o.kksZa ds lEcU/k esa dqN dguk 'ks"k jg x;k
gSA ;g o.kZekyk lk/kkj.kr% ?kjsyw i=ksa] lk/kkj.k iqLrdksa] jktuhfrd
;k /kkfeZd ckrksa dks fy[kus ds fy, iz;qDr gksrh gSA bls ;gk¡
dh cksyh esa ^^Hkk[kk cksyh** dgrs gSaA blesa dsoy pkSarkyhl o.kZ
gSaA** ^¼8½

bl
jpuk dh Hkwfedk bVyh dh jkt/kkuh jkse eas fØf'p;u /keZ ds
izpkjkFkZ laLFkk ^^izksixUnk Qhns** ds v/;{k ;ksgu f[kzLrksQj veknqlh
us fy[khA MkW0 tktZ fxz;lZu us bl Hkwfedk dks cgqr egRo fn;kA ^¼9½

Hkwfedk
esa fgUnqLrkuh Hkk"kk dh lkoZnsf'kd O;ogkj dh Hkwfedk Li"V
:i esa izfrikfnr gS %&

^^fgUnqLrkuh
Hkk"kk tks ukxjh fyfi;ksa esa fy[kh tkrh gS] iVuk ds vklikl gh
ugha cksyh tkrh vfirq fons'kh ;kf=;ksa }kjk Hkh] tks ;k rks O;kikj ;k
rhFkkZVu ds fy, Hkkjr vkrs gSa] iz;qDr gksrh gSA ge blds fy, ;g dg
ldrs gSa fd ;g Hkkjr dh ek/;e&Hkk"kk (linqua
media) gSA**^¼10½

bl
Hkwfedk ls ;g Li"V gS fd lu~ 1771 bZ0 esa Hkh ukxjh fyfi esa
fy[kh tuHkk"kk fgUnh ;k fgUnqLrkuh dk jk"VªO;kih
izpkj&izlkj FkkA tks fons'kh ml le; Hkkjr esa O;kikj djus ds fy,
vFkok ?kweus fQjus ds fy, vkrs Fks] os Hkkjr vkus ds iwoZ bldks
lh[krs Fks rFkk Hkkjr ds fofHkUu {ks=ksa esa blds ek/;e ls viuk dk;Z
lEiUu djrs FksA

bu
rhu jpukd`fr;ksa dk ,sfrgkfld egRo cgqr vf/kd gSA buds lesfdr egRo dh
MkW0 mn; ukjk;.k frokjh us lkjxfHkZr foospuk dh gS %&

^^;g
rhuksa d`fr;k¡a] fnYyh ls ysdj gSnjkckn rd vkSj lu~ 1650 ls
ysdj 1800 rd] izpfyr fgUnh ds :i dks gekjs le{k izdV djrh gSaA ge bu
rhuksa fons'kh ys[kdksa ds izfr vR;f/kd d`rK gSaA

bUgksaus
bu O;kdj.kksa dks fy[kus esa tks iz;kl fd;k gS og okLro eas LrqR; gSA
pwWfd ;s d`fr;k¡a vkjfEHkd gSa vr,o buesa =qfV;ka LokHkkfod
gSaA fdUrq bUgsa rS;kj rFkk izLrqr djus esa bu fons'kh fo}kuksa dks
fdruk dfBu ifjJe djuk iM+k gksxk] bldk vuqeku Hkh vkt lgt ugha gSA**
^¼11½

bu
rhuksa jpukvksa dks Jh eSF;q osPpqj us ySfVu ls fgUnh esa vuqfnr fd;k
gSA mudh lsok,a Hkh iz'kaluh; gSaA ^¼12½

vkxs
'ks"k fons'kh fo)kuksa ,oa mudh izeq[k jpukvksa ds uke fn, tk
jgs gSaA tgk¡ cgqr vko';d gksxk] ogha laf{kIr fVIif.k;k¡
izLrqr dh tk,axh %&

4- tkWtZ
gsMys % ¼Hkkjr esa fuokl lu~ 1763&1771½ ¼e`R;q
frfFk lu~ 1798 bZ0½

xzSesfVdy
fjekDlZ vkWu n izSfDVdy ,.M oYxj MkbysDV vkWQ n fgUnksLrku ySaXost

;g
jpuk yUnu ls lu~ 1773 eas izdkf'kr gqbZA MkW0 fxz;lZu us tktZ gsMys
ds bl O;kdj.k ls fgUnh O;kdj.k ijEijk esa ,d uohu ;qx dk vkjEHk ekuk
gSA^¼13½
blds vusd laLdj.k izdkf'kr gq,A y[kuÅ ds fetkZ eqgEen fQrjr us
blesa ifjo/kZu ,oa la'kks/ku fd;kA lu~ 1801 bZ0 esa yUnu ls bldk
ifjof/kZr ,oa la'kksf/kr laLdj.k izdkf'kr gqvkA bl laLdj.k ds Hkh dbZ
vU; laLdj.k ckn ds o"kksZa esa izdkf'kr gq,A

¼5½ tkWu
QxqZlu % , fMD'kujh vkWQ n fgUnqLrku ySaXost

;g
dks'k ^fgUnqLrkuh&vaxzsth* ,oa ^vaxzsth&fgUnqLrkuh* Øe
ls gSA bldk izdk'ku Hkh yUnu ls lu~ 1773 bZ0 esa gqvkA

¼6½ tkWu
ckFkZfod fxyØkbLV % ¼1759&1841½

¼i½ bafXy'k&fgUnqLrkuh
fMD'kujh] dydRrk ¼1787½

¼ii½ fgUnqLrkuh
xzkej ¼1796½

fxyØkbLV
dk egRo bl n`f"V ls cgqr vf/kd gS fd f'k{kk ek/;e ds :i esa
bUgksaus fgUnh dk egRo igpkukA ekfDol csyst+yh us vius xoZuj tujy ds
dk;Zdky ¼1798&1805½ esa vaxzst iz'kkldksa rFkk
deZpkfj;ksa dks izf'kf{kr djus rFkk mUgsa Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ls
ifjfpr djkus ds fy, dydRrk esa 4 ebZ lu~ 1800 bZ0 dks QksVZ fofy;e
dkWyst dh LFkkiuk dhA lu~ 1800 esa dkyst ds fgUnqLrkuh foHkkx ds
v/;{k ds :i esa fxyØkbLV dks fu;qDr fd;k x;kA vki bZLV bafM;k
dEiuh esa lgk;d ltZu fu;qDr gksdj vk, FksA mRrjh Hkkjr ds dbZ
LFkkuksa esa jgdj bUgksaus Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk Kku izkIr fd;kA
lu~ 1800 bZ0 esa gh fxyØkbLV ds lgk;d ds :i esa yYyw yky dh
fu;qfDr lfVZfQdsV eqa'kh ds in ij gqbZA fxyØkbLV us fgUnh esa
ikB~; iqLrdsa rS;kj djkus dh fn'kk esa iz;kl fd;kA fxyØkbLV us
Hkkjr esa cgqiz;qDr Hkk"kk :i dks ^[kM+h cksyh* dh laKk ls
vfHkfgr fd;kA ^[kM+h cksyh* dks vius Hkkjr dh [kkfyl ;k [kjh cksyh
ekuk gSA fxyØkbLV us bldks ^I;ksj LVfyZax* ekuk rFkk vius
dks'k esa Sterling
dk
vFkZ fd;k gS & Standard,
Genuine. blh
Hkk"kk :i esa fxyØkbLV us yYywyky dks fy[kus dk funsZ'k
iznku fd;kA yYywyky us vius xzUFk ^izselkxj* dh Hkwfedk esa fy[kk gS
%&

^^
Jh;qr xquxkgd xqfu;u&lq[knk;d tku fxyfdfjLr egk'k; dh vkKk ls
lEor~ 1860 ¼vFkkZr~ lu~ 1803 bZ0½ esa Jh yYyw th yky
dfo czkg~eu xqtjkrh lglz vonhp vkxjs okys us ftldk lkj ys] ;kfeuh
Hkk"kk NksM+] fnYyh vkxjs dh [kM+h cksyh esa dg] uke ^izselkxj*
/kjk**A^¼14½

7- gsujh
gSfjl % fMD'kujh % baxfy'k ,.M fgUnwLrkuh] enzkl ¼1790½

8- gsjkfle
Lrsiuksfop ysfcnkso ¼1749&1820½

tSlk
fd buds uke ls Li"V gS fd ;s :lh Hkk"kh FksA vki lu~ 1785
ls lu~ 1800 bZ0 dh vof/k esa Hkkjr esa jgsA Hkkjr esa jgdj bUgksaus
fgUnh lh[kh rFkk fgUnh dk O;kdj.k rS;kj fd;kA budk O;kdj.k vis{kkd`r
vf/kd izekf.kd gSA lu~ 1801 bZ0 esa bUgksaus ;g O;kdj.k vius O;; ls
yUnu esa izdkf'kr djk;kA O;kdj.k xzUFk dk uke gS & ^xzkej vkW¶
n I;ksj ,.M feDLM bZLV bafM;u MkbysDV~l*A

9- dSIVu
tkslsQ Vsyj ¼1793&1835½

bUgksaus
^fgUnqLrkuh&vaxzsth* dks'k vius Lok/;k; ds fy, fufeZr fd;k FkkA
dks'k vR;ar mi;ksxh FkkA QksVZ fofy;e dkWyst ds v/;kidksa us bldk
la'kks/ku fd;kA bldk izdk'ku lu~ 1808 esa MCY;w gaVj }kjk djk;k x;kA

10- fofy;e
gaVj ¼1755&1812½

(i) fgUnqLrkuh&vaxzsth
fMD'kujh] dydÙkk ¼1808½ ¼tkslsQ Vsyj }kjk
Lok/;k; ds

fy,
fufeZr 'kCndks'k dk lEiknu½A

(ii) ,
dysD'ku vkW¶ izksoClZ % ijf'k;u ,.M fgUnqLrkuh ¼viw.kZ
d`fr½

11- tkWu
'ksDlfi;j % ¼1774&1858½

(i) fofy;e
gaVj ds dks'k dk vkius lu~ 1808 eas la'kks/ku fd;kA bldk prqFkZ
laLdj.k lu~ 1849 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr gqvk ftlesa ^fgUnqLrkuh&vaxzsth*
ds ckn ^vaxzsth&fgUnqLrkuh dks'k* Hkh tksM+ fn;k x;kA

(ii) ,
xzkej vkW¶ n fgUnqLrkuh ySaXost ¼1813½ & blds
vusd laLdj.k izdkf'kr gq,A f}rh; laLdj.k& 1818] r`rh; laLdj.k &
1826] prqFkZ laLdj.k & 1843] iape laLdj.k & 1846 vkfnA

(iii) bUVªksMD'ku
Vq n fgUnqLrkuh ySaXost ¼1845½

12- Ýkafll
XySMfou & budh e`R;q lu~ 1813 bZ0 esa gqbZA blds iwoZ
budk

Qkjlh&fgUnqLrkuh&vaxzsth
dks'k lu~ 1805 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA ys[kd dks ;g d`fr

izkIr
ugha gks ldhA

13- fofy;e
izkbl % ¼1780&1830½

(i) ,
oksdscqyjh % [kqjh cksyh ,.M baxfy'k vkW¶ n fizfUliy oM~lZ
vkdfjax bu n izse lkxj vkW¶ yYyw th yky dfo] dydÙkk
¼1814½ & 'kCn ukxjh rFkk jkseu nksuks fyfi;ksa esa
fn, x, gSaA

(ii) fgUnqLrkuh
Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k ¼1828½

(iii) fgUnh&fgUnqLrkuh
lysD'kal ¼1828½

14- Vkel
jks,cd % ¼1781&1819½

(i) ,u
baxfy'k ,.M fgUnqLrkuh usoy fMD'kujh vkW¶ VsfDudy VªEl ,.M
lh Qjsft+t] dydÙkk ¼1811½ ;g NksVh lh jpuk gSA
bldk egRo ,sfrgkfld gSA blls fgUnh ds vk/kqfud ikfjHkkf"kd
dks'kksa dh ijEijk dk vkjEHk ekuk tk ldrk gSA

(ii) vkius
gksfjl gseSu foylu ds lkFk feydj fofy;e gaVj ¼ns0 Øe
la0 9½ dh viw.kZ d`fr dks iw.kZ fd;kA vkidh e`R;q lu~ 1819 bZ0
esa gks xbZ FkhA vkidh e`R;q ds ckn lh0 fLeFk us bls dydRrk ls lu~
1824 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr djk;kA

15- gksfjl
gseSu foylu ¼1786&1860½

buds
;ksxnku dh ppkZ dh tk pqdh gSaA ¼ns0 Øe la0 14½

16- iknjh
eSF;w Fkkelu ,Me ¼Hkkjr esa fuokl 1819&1830½

(i) ,
xzkej vkW¶ fgUnh ySaXost ¼fgUnh Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k½
¼1827½

Jh
dkerk izlkn xq: us fgUnh dh loZekU; iqLrdksa esa bls izFke LFkku fn;k
gSA ^¼15½

(ii) fgUnh
dks'k laxzg fd;k gqvk iknjh ,Me lkgc dk] dydRrk ¼1829½

MkW0
';ke lqUnj nkl us bls nsoukxjh v{kjksa esa vk/kqfud i|fr dk
o.kZØekuqlkj la;ksftr igyk ,d Hkk"kh; fgUnh dks'k ekuk
gSA ^¼16½

17- ,sojsaM
fofy;e ;sV~l ¼1792&1845½

(i) fgUnqLrkuh
Hkk"kk dk ifjp; ¼O;kdj.k ,oa laf{kIr 'kCndks'k lfgr½
¼1827½

(ii) fgUnqLrkuh&vaxzsth
dks'k] dydRrk ¼1847½

18- pkYlZ
fofYdUl &

vkidh
e`R;q frfFk lu~ 1836 bZ0 gSA blds iwoZ vkius Hkkjr esa jgdj nsoukxjh
ds o.kksZa ds Vkbi <yokus dk dk;Z dj ns'k esa nsoukxjh ds
Vkbi&eqnz.k dh uhao j[khA

19- tsEl
jkcVZ cSyu Vkbu&

(i) vkidh
e`R;q frfFk lu~ 1864 gSA blds iwoZ vkius fgUnh esa oSKkfud 'kCnkoyh
dh leL;k ij fopkj fd;kA jlk;u'kkL= ds ,d lanHkZxzUFk dk fgUnh esa
vuqokn djus ds fy, vaxzsth ikfjHkkf"kd 'kCnkoyh dh lekukFkhZ
fgUnh 'kCnkoyh dk fuekZ.k fd;kA 'kCnkoyh fuekZ.k djrs le; vkius
laLd`r dks vk/kkj cuk;kA

(ii) cztHkk"kk
O;kdj.k] yanu ,.M ,fMucjk ¼1839½

(iii) fgUnqLrkuh
O;kdj.k] ,fMucjk ¼1839½

O;kdjf.kd
vH;klksa dh n`f"V ls iqLrd dk egRo vf/kd gSA

20- Madu
QksClZ % ¼1798&1868½

(i) fgUnqLrkuh
eSuqvy % laf{kIr O;kdj.k vkSj laf{kIr 'kCnkoyh] yUnu ¼1845½
bldk uohu laLdj.k lu~ 1850 bZ0 eas izdkf'kr gqvkA tkWu Vkelu IykV~l
us bl iqLrd dks la'kksf/kr fd;kA la'kksf/kr iqLrd dk izdk'ku lu~ 1874
esa gqvkA ckn esa] yanu ls gh blds vusd laLdj.k izdkf'kr gq,A

(ii) ,
xzkej vkW¶ n fgUnqLrkuh ySaXost bu n vksfj;aVy ,.M jkseu
dSjsDVj] yanu ¼1846½

(iii) ,
fMD'kujh vkW¶ fgUnqLrkuh ,.M baxfy'k] yanu ¼1847½

21- tkslsQ
Vh0 FkkEilu %

(i) fMD'kujh
bu fgUnh ,.M baxfy'k] dydÙkk ¼1846½

22- ,MoMZ
cSadgkd bZLVfod % ¼1814&1883½

(i) fgUnqLrkuh
O;kdj.k] yanu ¼1847½

23- ,Mfou
Vh0 ,VfdUlu % ¼e`R;q frfFk 1890½

(i) LVSfVdy
fMfLØfIVo ,.M fgLVkWfjdy vdkmUV~l vkW¶ n ukWFkZ osLVuZ
izksfoUlsl vkW¶ bafM;k] bykgkckn ¼1847½

¼izFke
[k.M esa i`"B 104&105 esa cqUnsy[kaMh dk laf{kIr 'kCndks'k½

24- gsujh
,u0 xzkUV %

(i) ,u
,saXyks&fgUnksLrkuh oksdscqyjh] dydÙkk ¼1850½

25- fofy;e
ukLlw yhl ¼1825&1889½

FkkEilu
¼ns0 Øe la[;k&21½ ds dks'k ds r`rh; laLdj.k
dk lEiknu fd;kA

26- xklkZa
n rklh % ¼1794&1878½

Ýkalhlh
ys[kd xklkZa n rklh dh izfrHkk cgqvk;keh FkhA fgUnh lkfgR; ds bfrgkl
dh tkudkjh j[kus okys fgUnh lkfgR; ds fo}ku bl rF; ls ifjfpr gSa fd
vk/kqfud n`f"V ls fgUnh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl fy[kus dh ijEijk dk
lw=ikr vkids }kjk Ýsap Hkk"kk esa fyf[kr ^bLrokj n yk
fyr~jsR;wj ,sanqbZ &,& ,sanwLrkuh*¼fgUnqbZ rFkk
fgUnqLrkuh lkfgR; dk bfrgkl½ ds izdk'ku ls gksrk gSA bl xzUFk
dk izdk'ku iSfjl ls lu~ 1839 bZ0 esa gqvkA bldk ifjof/kZr ,oa
la'kksf/kr laLdj.k lu~ 1870 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA

vkius
fgUnh Hkk"kk lEcU/kh vusd egRoiw.kZ xzUFkksa dh Hkh jpuk dhA

(i) ys
vksR;wj ,sUnqLrkuh , Y;wj mcjr] iSfjl ¼1868½

(ii) y
ykax ,s y fyr~jsR;wj ,sUnqLrkuh ¼1850½

(iii) fgUnh&fgUnksbZ
eqUr[kckr] iSfjl ¼1849½

(iv) #nheka
n y ykax ,sUnqbZ

(v) #nhek
n y ykax ,sUnqLrkuh

27- pkYlZ
fQfyi czkmu%

(i) n
ftYykg fMD'kujh bu n jkseu dSjsDVj] enzkl ¼1852½

28- jsojsaM
ds0 fofy;e % ¼1820&1886½

(i) n
MsfVo ,.M vD;wtsfVo dsfll bu csaxkyh ,.M fgUnqLrkuh] tujy vkW¶
,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh] caxky Vol.
XXI (1852)

29- ,l0
MCY;w QSyu ¼1817&1880½

(i) ,
baxfy'k & fgUnqLrkuh ykW ,.M dkekf'kZ;y fMD'kujh] dydÙkk
¼1858½

(ii) U;w
baxfy'k ,.M fgUnqLrkuh fMD'kujh] cukjl ¼1876½

(iii) ,
U;w fgUnqLrkuh& baxfy'k fMD'kujh] cukjl ¼1879½

(iv) fMD'kujh
vkWQ n fgUnqLrkuh izksoClZ ¼vkj0lh0 VsEiy }kjk la'kksf/kr½
cukjl ¼1886½

30- jkcVZ
dkVu eSFkj ¼1808&1877½

(i) fgUnqLrkuh
vaxzsth laf{kIr 'kCn dks'k ¼1861½

(ii) fgUnqLrkuh
O;kdj.k ¼1862½

(iii) eksfu;j
fofy;El ds ^, iSzfDVdy fgUnqLrkuh xzkej ¼1862½ esa
fgUnqLrkuh ikBkoyh dk ladyu fd;kA

31- lj
eksfu;j fofy;El%

vkWDlQksMZ
;wfuoflZVh esa cksMu&ps;j ds izksQslj] laLd`r O;kdj.k]
laLd`r&vaxzsth dks'k] vaxzsth&laLd`r dks'k vkfn fo'ofo[;kr
jpukvksa ds iz.ksrk lj eksfu;j fofy;El us fgUnh O;kdj.k ij Hkh dk;Z
fd;k gSA

(i) #MhesUV~l
vkW¶ fgUnqLrkuh xzkesj ¼1858½

(ii) fgUnqLrkuh
% izkbej ,.M xzkej ¼1860½

(iii) izSfDVdy
fgUnqLrkuh xzkej ¼1862½

32- gsujh
tkWtZ jSosVhZ % ¼tUe lu~ 1825 bZ0½

lanHkZ
feyrk gS fd bUgksaus vaxszth&fgUnqLrkuh ds ikfjHkkf"kd ,oa
izkfof/kd 'kCnksa dk dks'k cuk;k ftldk izdk'ku lu~ 1859 bZ0 esa gqvkA
izLrqr ys[kd dks ;g xzUFk

miyC/k
ugha gks ldkA

33- iknjh
,FkfjaxVu lkfgc %

(i) Hkk"kk&HkkLdj
vFkkZr~ fgUnh Hkk"kk dk O;kdj.k] ykgkSj ¼1871½

iknjh
,FkfjaxVu dk lu~ 1870 bZ0 esa vaxzsth esa ^LVwMs.V~l xzkej vkW¶
n fgUnh ySaXost* cukjl ls izdkf'kr gqvk FkkA ukFkZ&osLVuZ
izksfofUll ds Mh0ih0 vkbZ0 us bl d`fr ij iqjLdkj nsus ds fy,
ysf¶VusaV xouZj dks laLrqfr dhA ysf¶VusUV xoZuj us lq>ko
fn;k fd bldk fgUnh vuqokn fd;k tk,A bl dkj.k ,d o"kZ ckn fgUnh
esa fgUnh&HkkLdj dk izdk'ku gqvkA ;g fgUnh dk ,dek= O;kdj.k&xzUFk
gS ftl ij fczfV'k 'kklu us iqjLdkj iznku fd;kA ;g fon~;kfFkZ;ksa dks
/;ku esa j[kdj cuk;k x;k FkkA Ldwyksa eas fgUnh f'k{kk ds fy, ikB~;
iqLrd ds :i esa ;g yksdfiz; gqvkA

34- tku
Mkmlu ¼1820&1881½

(i) ,
xzkej vkW¶ mnwZ ,.M fgUnqLrkuh ySaXosftt] yanu ¼1872½

(ii) fgUnqLrkuh
,Dljlkbftt cqd ¼1872½

35- tkWu
chEl ¼1837&1902½

tkWu
chEl flfoy lfoZl esa FksA lu~ 1857 bZ0 esa Hkkjr vkus ds ckn bUgksaus
Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa dk v/;;u vkjEHk fd;kA buds vusd ys[k
,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh caxky] jk;y ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh yanu] bafM;u
,UVhDosjh vkfn 'kks/k if=dkvksa esa izdkf'kr gq,A

budk
rhu [k.Mksa esa izdkf'kr ^dEiSjsfVo xzkej vkW¶ n ekMuZ ,fj;u
ySaXosftt+ vkW¶ bafM;k* vfr izfl) xzUFk gS ftlesa flU/kh]
iatkch] fgUnh] xqtjkrh] ejkBh] caxyk] mfM+;k vkfn vk/kqfud Hkkjrh;
vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa ds O;kdj.kksa dk ,sfrgkfld ,oa rqyukRed v/;;u
izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA

izFke
[k.M lu~ 1872 bZ0 esa] f}rh; [k.M lu~ 1875 bZ0 esa rFkk r`rh; [k.M
lu~ 1879 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr gq,A

36- tkWu
Vkelu IykV~l ¼1830&1904½

(i) ,
xzkej vkW¶ n fgUnqLrkuh ,.M mnwZ ySaXosftt] yanu ¼1874½
vU; laLdj.k 1926] 1941

(ii) ,
fMD'kujh vkW¶ mnwZ] Dykfldy fgUnh ,.M baxfy'k] yanu ¼1911½

37- jsojsaM
lseqvy ,p0 dsykx % ¼1839&1899½

vkils
fgUnh O;kdj.k ds bfrgkl esa ,d u, ;qx dk vkjEHk gksrk gSA vki vesfjdh
iknjh FksA vkids le; rd ftu fons'kh fo}kuksa us O;kdj.k xzUFk fy[ks
Fks] dsykx egksn; us mu lcdk ikjk;.k fd;kA fpUru ,oa euu ds i'pkr~
viuk O;kdj.k xzUFk rS;kj fd;kA vkius fgUnh Hkk"kk ds vUrxZr
x<+okyh] [kM+h cksyh] cztHkk"kk] dUukSth] cSlokM+h] vo/kh]
Hkkstiqjh jktLFkkuh vkSj jhokabZ vkfn dks Lohdkj fd;k gSA dsykx us
rRle vkSj rn~Hko ds lkFk fons'kh 'kCnksa ij Hkh fopkj fd;k gSA vkids
O;kdj.k esa /ofu] :i jpuk] okD; foU;kl] 'kCn lzksr] O;qRifRr vkfn
lHkh ij fopkj fd;k x;k gSA ,d vesfjdh iknjh fgUnh Hkk"kk dh ,slh
lw{e foospuk dj ldrk gS & ;g foLe;iw.kZ vkg~ykn dk fo"k; gSA
vkids xzUFk dk uke gS &

(i) xzkej
vkW¶ n fgUnh ySaXost ¼1875&76½

bldk
la'kksf/kr laLdj.k yanu ls lu~ 1893 esa izdkf'kr gqvkA Jh dkerk izlkn
xq: us dsykx ds O;kdj.k dks vaxzsth esa fy[kh fgUnh O;kdj.k dh
iqLrdksa esa izFke LFkku fn;k gSA ^¼17½

38- lj
pkYlZ tsEl Y;ky ¼tUe&lu~ 1845 bZ0½

(i) ,
fgLVªh vkWQ fgUnqLrkuh ySaXost ¼1880½

39- vkxLrl
#MksYQ gkuZys % ¼1841&1918½

vk/kqfud
Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa ds rqyukRed v/;;u djus okys Hkk"kkfonksa
esa teZu Hkk"kh gkuZys dk egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA lu~ 1880 bZ0 esa
MkW0 gkuZys us viuk ;g fl)kUr izfrikfnr fd;k fd vk;ksZa ds Hkkjr ij
de ls de nks ckj vkØe.k gq,A igyk vkØe.k djus okys vk;Z
iatkc esa cl x, FksA nwljh ckj ftu vk;ksZa us Hkkjr ij vkØe.k
fd;k os e/; ,f'k;k ls pydj dkcqy unh ds ekxZ ls fxyfxr ,oa fp=ky
gksrs gq, Hkkjr ds e/; ns'k esa vk,A e/; ns'k dh lhek mRrj esa
fgeky;] nf{k.k esa foU/; ioZr] if'pe esa ljfgUn rFkk iwjc esa
xaxk&tequk ds laxe rd FkhA bl nwljs vkØe.k dk ifj.kke ;g
gqvk fd iwoZ vkØe.k esa vkxr vk;ksZa dks rhu fn'kkvksa ¼iwjc]
nf{k.k rFkk if'pe½ esa QSyus ds fy, ck/; gksuk iM+kA

e/;
ns'k vFkok dsUnz esa gksus ds dkj.k nwljs vkØe.k esa vkxr
vk;ksZa dks dsUnzh; vFkok Hkhrjh vk;Z ds uke ls vfHkfgr fd;k x;kA
iwokZxr vk;Z ckgjh vk;Z dgyk,A

blh
fl)kUr dks vk/kkj cukdj ijorhZ Hkk"kk oSKkfudksa us vk/kqfud
Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkvksa dk ckgjh mi'kk[kk rFkk dsUnzh; vFkok
Hkhrjh mi'kk[kk esa foHkktu fd;kA ^¼18½

MkW0
gkuZys us vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkvksa dh fØ;kvksa ij
xEHkhj vUos"k.k dk;Z fd;k gSA

fgUnh
Hkk"kk dh n`f"V ls MkW0 gkuZys ds fuEufyf[kr dk;Z mYys[kuh;
gSa %&

(i) ,
dysD'ku vkW¶ fgUnh :V~l fon fjekDlZ vkWu ns;j Msfjos'ku ,.M
DykflfQds'ku

¼fgUnh
dh 582 & ewy ,oa ;kSfxd /kkrqvksa dk laxzg ,oa foospu½
tuZy vkW¶ ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh] caxky ¼1880½

(ii) xzkej
vkW¶ n bZLVuZ fgUnh ¼1880½

(iii) dEijsfVo
fMD'kujh vkWQ n fcgkjh ySaXost] ¼lgys[kd&MkW0 fxz;lZu½]
dydRrk ¼1885½

(iv) ,
dEijsfVo xzkej vkW¶ n xkSfM;u ySaXosftt] yanu ¼1880½

blesa
vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa dk rqyukRed O;kdj.k gSA
bUgksaus pkj izdkj dh xkSfM;u Hkk"kk,a ekuh gSaA

¼d½ iwohZ
xkSfM;u & iwohZ fgUnh] caxkyh] mfM+;k

¼[k½ if'peh
xkSfM;u & if'peh fgUnh] iatkch] xqtjkrh] flU/kh

¼x½ mRrjh
xkSfM;u & x<+okyh] dqek;w¡uh] usikyh

¼?k½ nf{k.kh
xkSfM;u & ejkBh

;g
vk/kqfud vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa dh foospuk dh n`f"V ls egRoiw.kZ
d`fr gSA

40- jsojs.M
Fkkel Økosu ¼tUe&lu~ 1846 bZ0½

(i) n
jk;y Ldwy fMD'kujh bu baxfy'k ,.M jkseu mnwZ] cukjl ¼1881½

(ii) baxfy'k&fgUnqLrkuh
,.M fgUnqLrkuh & baxfy'k fMD'kujh] y[kuÅ ¼1888½

(iii) n
baxfy'k ,.M fgUnh fMD'kujh] y[kuÅ ¼1889½

41- ,MoMZ
gsujh ikej % ¼1840&1882½

(i) flEifyQkbM
xzkej vkW¶ fgUnqLrkuh] if'kZ;u ,.M vjsfcd] yUnu ¼1882½

42- QsfMªd
fiadkWV ¼1836&1896½

(i) fgUnh
eSuqvy] yanu ¼1882½ vU; laLdj.k 1883] 1890- dkerk izlkn
xq# us vaxzsth esa fy[kh gqbZ fgUnh O;kdj.k dh mRre iqLrdksa ds
ys[kdksa ds vUrxZr fiadkV dk mYys[k fd;k gSA ^¼19½

(ii) vkius
ckcw v;ks/;k izlkn [k=h d`r ^[kM+h cksyh dk iFk* 'kh"kZd iqLrd
dh lu~ 1888 bZ0 esa Hkwfedk fy[kh rFkk mldk lEiknu fd;kA

vkius
iafMr Jh/kj ikBd rFkk Lokeh n;kuUn dks tks i= fy[ks muesa fgUnh dks
us'kuy ySaXost dk vf/kdkjh ekukA MkW0 dSyk'k pUnz HkkfV;k us lu~ 1888
esa iafMr

Jh/kj
ikBd dks fy[ks i= dk ,d va'k mn`/kr fd;k gS ftlesa vkids fczfV'k
'kklu ij Mkys tkus okys ml izHkko dk mYys[k gS ftlds dkj.k fczVsu ls
Hkkjr tkus okys vaxzst iz'kkldksa ds fy, fgUnh dh ijh{kk ikl djuk
vfuok;Z ekuk x;k%

^^chl
lky igys eSa ,dek= ;wjksfi;u Fkk] ftlus ljdkj ij fgUnh ds ckjs esa
ncko Mkyk vkSj nl lky ckn bl fu;e dks cuokus esa lQy jgk fd Hkkjr
tkus okys vaxzstksa dks fgUnh dh ijh{kk ikl djuk vfuok;Z fd;k
tk,A**^¼20½

43- tkWtZ
vczkge fxz;lZu ¼1851&1941½

Hkkjrh;
Hkk"kkvksa ,oa lkfgR; ds v/;;u dh n`f"V ls fons'kh fo}kuks
esa MkW0 fxz;lZu dk uke lokZf/kd egRoiw.kZ gSA bl n`f"V ls ;g
rF; mYys[kuh; gS fd Hkkjr ljdkj ds ekuo lalk/ku fodkl ea=h dh v/;{krk
esa dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku dh 'kklh ifj"kn~ us lu~ 1993 bZ0 esa
viuh cSBd esa fgUnh lsoh lEeku ;kstuk ds vUrxZr izfro"kZ ,d
fons'kh fgUnh lsoh fo}ku dks Hkh lEekfur djus dk fu.kZ; fy;k rks
loZlEefr ls iqjLdkj dk uke ^^MkW0 tkWtZ fxz;lZu iqjLdkj** j[kk x;kA
Hkkjr ds jk"Vªifr us 14 flrEcj] 1994 dks vk;ksftr lekjksg
esa vius Hkk"k.k esa izFke tkWtZ fxz;lZu lEeku izkIr djus okys
fons'kh fo}ku dks fo'ks"k :i ls viuh gkfnZd c/kkbZ nhA ^¼21½

lkfgR;sfrgkl
dh n`f"V ls budh ^ekWMuZ oukZD;wyj fyVjspj vkW¶ fgUnqLrku*
xzUFk dk egRo gSA bldk izdk'ku ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh vkW¶ caxky]
dydÙkk }kjk lu~ 1889 bZ0 esa gqvkA vkius xzkeh.k 'kCnkoyh ,oa
yksd lkfgR; ij Hkh dk;Z lEiUu fd,A vkius dk'ehjh Hkk"kk ij
O;kdj.k ,oa dks'k lEcU/kh LorU= xzUFkksa dh Hkh jpuk dhA vkids fcgkjh
Hkk"kkvksa rFkk Hkkjr dh Hkk"kkvksa ls lEcfU/kr fuEu
xzUFkksa dk mYys[k djuk izklafxd gS ftuesa fgUnh Hkk"kk {ks= dh
miHkk"kkvksa dk Hkh foLr`r foospu lekfgr gS %&

(i) lsfou
xzSelZ vkW¶ n MkbysDV~l ,.M lc&MkbysDV~l vkW¶ fcgkjh
ySaXosftt] tuZy vkW¶ ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh] caxky ¼1883&1887½

(ii) ekMZu
vk;Zu ySaXosftt] tuZy vkW¶ ,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh] caxky] Vol.
64, No.-1

(iii) fyafXofLVd
losZ vkW¶ bafM;k

lu~
1894 bZ0 esa bUgksaus Hkkjr ds Hkk"kk losZ{k.k dk dk;Z vkjEHk
fd;kA 33 o"kksZa ds vuojr ifjJe ds QyLo:i ;g dk;Z lu~ 1927 bZ0
esa lekIr gqvkA ewyr% ;g X;kjg [k.Mksa esa foHkDr gSA vusd [k.Mksa
¼[k.M ,d] rhu] ikWp] vkB ,oa ukS½ ds

,dkf/kd
Hkkx gSaA X;kjg gtkj i`"Bksa dk ;g losZ{k.k&dk;Z fo'o esa
vius <ax dk vdsyk dk;Z gSA fo'o ds fdlh Hkh ns'k esa
Hkk"kk&losZ{k.k dk ,slk fo'kn~ dk;Z ugha gqvk gSA iz'kklfud
vf/kdkjh gksrs gq, vkius Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa vkSj cksfy;ksa dk
fo'kky losZ{k.k dk;Z lEiUu fd;kA pw¡fd vkidk losZ{k.k
vizR;{k&fof/k ij vk/kkfjr Fkk] bl dkj.k blesa =qfV;ksa dk gksuk
LokHkkfod gSA losZ{k.k dk;Z esa ftu izk/;kkidksa] iVokfj;ksa ,oa
vf/kdkfj;ksa us lg;skx fn;k] vius vius {ks=ksa esa ckssys tkus okys
Hkk"kk :iksa dk ifjp;] mnkgj.k] dFkk&dgk¡fu;ka vkfn
fy[kdj Hkstha] os Lou&foKku ,oa Hkk"kk foKku ds fo}ku ugha
FksA viuh leLr =qfV;ksa ,oa dfe;ksa ds ckotwn MkW0 fxz;lZu dk ;g
losZ{k.k dk;Z vHkwriwoZ gS rFkk Hkkjr dh izR;sd Hkk"kk ,oa cksyh
ij dk;Z djus okyk 'kks/kdrkZ loZizFke Mk0 fxz;lZu dh ekU;rk ,oa muds
}kjk izLrqr O;kdjf.kd <kWps ls viuk 'kks/kdk;Z vkjEHk djrk gSA ;g
dgk tk ldrk gS fd vkids dk;Z dk ,sfrgkfld egRo vizfre gSA

44- Vkel
gsujh FkkuZVu ¼tUe lu~ 1832 bZ0½

(i) Lisflesu
lksaXl Ýke iatkc fyVjspj ,.M QkWd yksj] jk;y ,f'k;kfVd tuZy]

yanu]Vol.
XVIII ¼1885½

bl
ys[k esa iatkc izkUr ds fgUnh ,oa mnwZ lkfgR; dh ppkZ ,oa muds uewus
fn, x, gSaA

45- czsUVy
gsefyu cMys ¼tUe lu~ 1849 bZ0½

vki
vesfjdh iknjh FksA vkius Økosu ¼ns0 Øe la[;k 40½
ds }kjk lu~ 1888 esa izdkf'kr fMD'kujh dk lu~ 1889 bZ0 eas
la'kks f/kr ,oa ifjof/kZr laLdj.k fudkykA

46- tku
fØf'p;u %

(i) fcgkj
izksoClZ] yanu ¼1891½

47- ,Mfou
xzhOt ¼tUe lu~ 1854 bZ0½

(i) xzkej
vkW¶ ekMZu fgUnh ¼1896½

Jh
dkerk izlkn xq# us vius fgUnh O;kdj.k esa vaxzsth esa fy[kh gqbZ
fgUnh O;kdj.k dh iqLrdksa ds ys[kdksa ds vUrxZr budk mYys[k fd;k gSA
bUgksaus rqylhd`r jkepfjrekul dh Hkk"kk ds O;kdj.k ij Hkh fucU/k
fy[kkA

48- fofy;e
,Q0 tkWulu ¼tUe lu~ 1838 bZ0½

(i) fgUnh
dgkor laxzg] bykgkckn ¼1898½

49- lj
fjpMZ dkjusd cksjksusV VsEiy ¼tUe 1850 bZ0½

(i) ,
Xykljh vkW¶ bafM;u VªEl] yanu ¼1897½

(ii) l=goha
'krkCnh esa fgUnqLrkuh] bafM;u ,sUVhDosjh] fVol.
XXXII (1903)

50- Mxyl
Økosu fQykV ¼1860&1930½

(i) fgUnqLrkuh
esuqvy] dydRrk ¼1910½

(ii) vaxszth&fgUnqLrkuh
'kCn&laxzg ¼1911½

51- MCY;w
lSaV Dys;j frLnky

(i) ,
dUolsZ'ku xzkej vkW¶ n fgUnqLrkuh ySaXost] yanu&gkbMsycxZ
¼1911½

52- MkW0
,y0ih0 VslhVWjh ¼1888&1919½

brkyoh
Hkk"kh MkW0 VslhVWjh fgUnh ds izFke 'kks/kdrkZ gSa ftUgsa
'kks/kdk;Z ds fy, fdlh fo'ofo|ky; ls MkWDVj vkW¶ fQyklQh dh
mikf/k izkIr gqbZA vki rqylhnkl ,oa mudh izeq[k jpuk ^jkepfjrekul* ds
vuqla/kkudrkZ gaSA vkius vius 'kks/k esa jkepfjrekul dh dFkkoLrq dh
rqyuk ckYehfd d`r ^jkek;.k* dh dFkkoLrq ls dh gSA ^by jkepfjrekul ,
by jkek;.k* 'kh"kZd vkidk 'kks/k ys[k brkyoh if=dk ^T;ksusZy
Msyk lkslkbVk ,f'k;kfVdk bVkfy;kuk* esa lu~ 1911 bZ0 esa izdkf'kr
gqvkA bldk vaxzsth vuqokn ^bafM;u ,sfUVDosjh* esa lu~ 1912 ls lu~
1913 bZ0 eas izdkf'kr gqvkA

Hkk"kk
lEcU/kh vkids izeq[k dk;Z fuEu gSa %&

(i) rqylhnkl
dh izkphu cSlokM+h ds O;kdj.k ds dqN uewus] tujy vkW¶ jk;y
,f'k;kfVd lkslk;Vh] yanu ¼1914½

(ii) if'peh
jktLFkkuh dk O;kdj.k] bafM;u ,sUVhDosjh] Vol.
XXXXIII & XXXXIV

(1914-1916)

53- Vh0
xzkge cSyh

(i) fgUnqLrkuh]
yanu ¼1934½

(ii) LVMht
bu ukFkZ bafM;u ySaXosftt] yanu ¼1938½

54- ,p0lh0
'kksyoxZ

(i) dUlkbt
xzkej vkW¶ n fgUnh ySaXost] yanu ¼1940½ f}rh;
laLdj.k ¼1950½

dkerk
izlkn xq# us vaxzsth esa fy[kh gqbZ fgUnh O;kdj.k dh iqLrdksa dh lwph
ds vUrxZr jsojsaM 'kksyoxZ ds fgUnh O;kdj.k dk mYys[k fd;k gSA

55- lj
jkYQ fyfy VuZj

(i) usikyh
fMD'kujh ¼1931½

;g
dks'k dsoy usikyh Hkk"kk dk gh ugha vfirq vk/kqfud Hkkjrh;
vk;ZHkk"kkvksa dk izFke oSKkfud dks'k gS ftlesa usikyh Hkk"kk
ds 'kCnksa dh O;qRifRr nh xbZ gS rFkk vU; iz/kku vk/kqfud Hkkjrh;
vk;Z Hkk"kkvksa ds 'kCnksa ls rqyuk Hkh dh xbZ gSA ^Hkkjrh;
vk;ZHkk"kkvksa ls lEcU/k j[kus okyk okLro esa ;g izFke oSKkfud
uS#fDrd dks'k gSA* ^¼22½

(ii) ,
dEisjsfVo fMD'kujh vkW¶ n baMks&vk;Zu ySaXosftt] yanu ¼1969½
Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkvksa ds ,sfrgkfld v/;;u rFkk Hkkjrh; vk;Z
Hkk"kkvksa ds iqufuZek.k ds

v/;;u
dh n`f"V ls bl xzUFk dk vizfre egRo gSA MkW0 lqfe= eaxs'k d=s us
blds izdk'ku dks Hkkjrh; vk;ZHkk"kkvksa ds fy, ;qxkUrjdkjh
;ksxnku dh laKk ls vfHkfgr fd;k gSA ^¼23½
izLrqr xzUFk
okM~-ehekalk ijd v/;;u dh lhek js[kk ls ijs rqyukRed Hkk"kk
foKku ,oa dkyØfed Hkk"kk foKku dh lhek ds vUrxZr vkrk gSA
bl dkj.k chloha 'krkCnh esa f}rh; egk;q) ds ckn fofHkUu ns'kksa esa
fgUnh Hkk"kk ls lEcfU/kr Hkk"kk oSKkfud v/;;uksa ds fooj.k
ds vUrxZr bldk mYys[k fd;k tk,xkA

videshon mein Hindi01 hindiShikSaN

fons'kksa
esa fgUnh f'k{k.k % leL;k,¡ vkSj lek/kku

izksQslj
egkohj lju tSu

,e0,0]
Mh0fQy] Mh0fyV~0

lu~
1998 ds iwoZ] ekr`Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k dh n`f"V ls fo'o esa
lokZf/kd cksyh tkus okyh Hkk"kkvksa ds tks vkadM+s feyrs Fks]
muesa fgUnh dks rhljk LFkku fn;k tkrk Fkk A lu~ 1997 esa lSUll vkWQ
bafM;k dk Hkkjrh; Hkk"kkvksa ds fo'ys"k.k dk xzUFk izdkf'kr
gksus rFkk lalkj dh Hkk"kkvksa dh fjiksVZ rS;kj djus ds fy,
;wusLdks }kjk lu~ 1998 esa Hksth xbZ ;wusLdks iz'ukoyh ds vk/kkj ij
mUgsa Hkkjr ljdkj ds dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku ds rRdkyhu funs'kd
izksQslj egkohj lju tSu }kjk Hksth xbZ foLr`r fjiksVZ ds ckn vc
fo'o Lrj ij ;g Lohd`r gS fd ekr`Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k dh n`f"V
ls lalkj dh Hkk"kkvksa esa phuh Hkk"kk ds ckn fgUnh dk
nwljk LFkku gSA phuh Hkk"kk ds cksyus okyksa dh la[;k fgUnh
Hkk"kk ls vf/kd gS fdUrq phuh Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx {ks= fgUnh
dh vis{kk lhfer gSA vaxzsth Hkk"kk dk iz;ksx {ks= fgUnh dh
vis{kk vf/kd gS fdUrq ekr`Hkkf"k;ksa dh la[;k vaxzsth Hkkf"k;ksa
ls vf/kd gSA

fo'o
ds yxHkx 100 ns'kksa esa ;k rks thou ds fofo/k {ks=ksa esa fgUnh dk
iz;ksx gksrk gS vFkok mu ns'kksa esa fgUnh ds v/;;u v/;kiu dh O;oLFkk
gSA bu ns'kksa dks ge rhu oxksZa esa foHkkftr dj ldrs gSa &

(i)
os ns'k ftudh Hkkjrh; ewy ds vkizoklh ukxfjdksa dh vkcknh vius ns'k
dh tula[;k esa yxHkx 40 izfr'kr ;k mlls vf/kd gSA

(ii)
bl oxZ esa os ns'k vkrs gSa tks fgUnh dks fo'o Hkk"kk ds :i esa
lh[krs gSaA

(iii)
os ns'k ftuesa fgUnh&mnwZ ekr`Hkkf"k;ksa dh cM+h la[;k
fuokl djrh gSA bu ns'kksa esa Hkkjr] ikfdLrku] caxykns'k] usiky]
HkwVku vkfn ns'kksa ds vizokfl;ksa@vfuokfl;ksa dh jgus okyh foiqy
vkcknh lEidZ Hkk"kk ds :i esa ^fgUnh&mnwZ* dk iz;skx djrh
gS] fgUnh&mnwZ dh fQYesa ns[krh gS] xkus lqurh gS] Vsyhfotu ds
dk;ZØe ns[krh gSA

fons'kksa
esa fgUnh f'k{k.k &leL;k,¡ ,oa lek/kku

¼1½
izR;sd ns'k ds f'k{k.k Lrj ,oa fgUnh izf'k{k.k ds y{;ksa ,oa
mn~ns';ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj fgUnh f'k{k.k ds ikB~;Øe dk
fuekZ.k djuk pkfg,A ikB~;Øe bruk O;kid ,oa Li"V gksuk
pkfg, ftlls f'k{kd ,oa v/;srk dk ekxZn'kZu gks ldsA

¼2½
fons'kksa esa fgUnh f'k{k.k djus okys f'k{kdksa ds fy,
f'k{k.k&izf'k{k.k ,oa uohdj.k ikB~;Øeksa dk vk;kstu
,oa lapkyu gksuk pkfg, A

¼3½
Jo.k dkS'ky] okpu dkS'ky] okrkZyki dkS'ky ,oa jpuk dkS'ky ds f'k{k.k
dh n`f"V ls lkexzh dk fuekZ.kA

¼4½
fons'kh v/;srkvksa ds Hkk"kk f'k{k.k ds mn~ns'; ,oa y{; dks
/;ku esa j[kdj vko`fRr ds vk/kkj ij vk/kkjHkwr 'kCnkoyh dk fuekZ.kA

¼5½
nsoukxjh ys[ku rFkk fgUnh orZuh O;oLFkk % nsoukxjh fyfi ds fyfi
fpUgksa dk fo'ys"k.kA ,d fyfi fpUg ls :ikUrfjr gksus okys vU;
fyfi fpUgksa dk Øfed foLrkjA ek=kvksa ls ;qqDr O;atu ,oa
la;qDr O;atu] fgUnh orZuh dh fo'ks"krkvksa ds vuq:i o.kksZa ls
cuus okys 'kCnksa ds vuqiz;ksxkRed ikBA

¼6½
okLrfod Hkk"kk O;ogkj dks vk/kkj cukdj O;kogkfjd fgUnh lajpuk &
/ofu lajpuk] 'kCn lajpuk rFkk inca/k lajpuk & ds vuqiz;ksxkRed
ikBksa dk fuekZ.kA A leLr lkexzh dk fuekZ.k vfHkØfer :i esa A
f'k{kkFkhZ ds vf/kxe dh iqf"V ds fy, izR;sd fcUnq ij fofHkUu
vH;klksa dh ;kstukA

¼7½
fgUnh ds vkFkhZ iz;ksxksa ds fy, lkexzhA

¼8½
thou ds fofo/k iz;kstuksa dh flf) ds fy, fgUnh Hkk"kk ds
vk/kkjHkwr O;kdjf.kd ,oa lajpukRd fcUnqvksa dh vuqLrkfjr lkexzhA

¼9½
fgUnh lkfgR; dk v/;;u djus okys fons'kh v/;srkvksa ds fy, ^fgUnh
lkfgR; ds bfrgkl* dk fuekZ.k djrs le; izR;sd dky dh eq[; /kkjkvksa]
izeq[k izo`fRr;ksa] izfl) jpukdkjksa rFkk mudh jpukvksa dk fooj.k
Hkkjr ds fgUnh lekt ds ml dky dh lkaLd`frd] lkekftd ,oa nk’kZfud
i`"BHkwfe dks /;ku esa j[kdj izLrqr djukA

¼10½
fgUnh dh laLd`fr %& fgUnh lkfgR; esa vfHkO;Dr lkaLd`frd
ladYiukvksa ls ifjfpr djkus ds fy, lkexzh dk fuekZ.kA

¼11½
dEI;wVj lkf/kr fgUnh Hkk"kk f'k{k.k dh izHkwr lkexzh ds fuekZ.k
ds fy, ,slh ifjpkyu iz.kkyh dk fodkl ftlls fgUnh esa dke djuk vf/kd
lqfo/kktud cu ldsA fgUnh bUVjQsl lHkh IysVQkeksZa ij miyC/k gks]
ftlls lkjs vkns'k midj.k ifV~V;k¡] laokn d{k rFkk enn fgUnh esa
miyC/k gks ldsA

¼12½
fons'kh v/;srkvksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj ^Lisy pSdj* rFkk ^vku&ykbu
'kCndks"k* dh lqfo/kk dk fodklA

¼13½
^yhyk izcks/k* ds dke dks vkxs c<+kuk A thou ds fofo/k iz;kstuksa
dh flf) ds fy, fgUnh esa Lo;a f'k{k.k iSdst dh fn’kk esa izxfr
,oa fodklA

¼14½
dEI;wVj vk/kkfjr Hkk"kk iz;ksx'kkyk dh LFkkiuk ,oa blds mi;ksx
esa vkus okyh lkexzh dk fuekZ.kA

¼15½
MkmuyksM djus okyh vusd izfl) lkbVksa ij fo'o dh vU; lHkh izeq[k
Hkk"kk,a miyC/k gSa fdUrq fgUnh ogkWa ugha gSA blds fy, lkFkZd
igy ,oa iz;RuA

¼16½
egkRek xk¡/kh fgUnh fo'ofo|ky;] o/kkZ] dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku]
vkxjk vkfn laLFkkvksa dks fgUnh esa ,sls ikWVZy fodflr djus pkfg,
ftlls dksbZ Hkh fons'kh v/;srk fgUnh ls lcfU/kr izR;sd tkudkjh izkIr
dj ldsAykbusDl vkSj vksiu lkslZ lk¶Vos;j ds tfj, bu laLFkkvksa
dks fgUnh dk yksdykbts'ku xzqi fodflr djuk pkfg, tks fgUnh Hkk"kk
dh /ofu] fyfi] 'kCn] Hkk"kk iz;ksx vkfn ds lEcU/k esa vius fopkj
fgUnh esa ns lds] fgUnh esa vfHkys[k ,oa bZ&esy vf/kdkf/kd Hkst
lds] fofHkUu fo"k;ksa ij vius fopkj izLrqr dj lds] izLrqr
fopkj&lkexzh esa la'kks/ku dj ldsA fgUnh esa lk¶Vos;j
fufeZfr dk dk;Z rhoz xfr ls gksuk pkfg,A fgUnh esa Kku&foKku dh
izR;sd 'kk[kk ds izR;sd fo"k; ij izHkwr lkxzh dI;wVj ij miyC/k
gksuh pkfg,A

izks0
egkohj lju tSu

¼lsokfuo`Rr
funs'kd] dsUnzh; fgUnh laLFkku½

123]
gfj,Udyso] pkaniqj jksM] cqyUn'kgj & 203001

Aatankavaad ko nirmool

vkradokn
dks fuewZy djus ds fy, loZ /keZ leHkko

                                 
izksQslj egkohj lju tSu 

/keZ
dh izklafxdrk ,d O;fDr dh eqfDr esa gh ugha gSA /keZ dh izklafxdrk
,oa iz;kstu'khyrk 'kkfUr] O;oLFkk] Lora=rk] lerk] izxfr ,oa fodkl ls
lEcfU/kr lekt lkis{k ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds fuekZ.k esa Hkh fufgr gSA  

/keZ
lk/kuk dh vis{kk j[krk gSA /keZ ds lk/kd dks jkx&}s"kjfgr
gksuk gksrk gSA /kkfeZd fpÙk izkf.kek= dh ihM+k ls nzfor gksrk
gSA rqylhnkl us dgk& ^ijfgr lfjl /kje ugha HkkbZ] ijihM+k le ufga
v/kekbZ*A lR; ds lk/kd dks ckgjh izyksHku vfHkHkwr djus dk iz;kl djrs
gSaA exj og ,dkxzfpÙk ls la;e esa jgrk gSA izR;sd /keZ ds
_f"k] eqfu] iSxEcj] lar] egkRek vkfn rifLo;ksa us /keZ dks viuh
ftUnxh eas mrkjkA mu yksxksa us /keZ dks vks<+k ugha vfirq ft;kA
lk/kuk] ri] R;kx vkfn nq"dj gSaA ;s Hkksx ls ugha] la;e ls l/krs
gSaA /keZ ds okLrfod Lo:i dks vkpj.k esa mrkjuk gh okLrfod /keZa gSA
egkiq#"k gh lPph /keZ&lk/kuk dj ikrs gSaA

bu
egkiq#"kksa ds vuq;k;h tc vius vkjk/;&lk/kdksa tSlk thou
ugha th ikrs rks muds uke ij lEiznk;] iaFk vkfn laxBuksa dk fuekZ.k
dj] HkDrksa ds chp vkjk/; dh t;&t;dkj djds vius drZO; dh bfrJh
eku ysrs gSaA vuq;k;h lk/kd ugha jg tkrs] mins'kd gks tkrs gSaA;s
/kkfeZd O;fDr ugha gksrs] /keZ ds O;k[;krk gksrs gSaA budk mn~ns';
/keZ ds vuqlkj viuk pfj= fufeZr djuk ugha gksrk] /keZ dk vk[;ku ek=
djuk gksrk gSA tc buesa LokFkZ&fyIlk dk mnzsd gksrk gS rks ;s
/keZ&rÙoksa dh O;k[;k vius LokFkksZa dh iwfrZ ds fy, djus
yxrs gSaA /keZ dh vkM+ esa vius LokFkksZa dh flf) djus okys /keZ ds
nyky vFkok Bsdsnkj v/;kRe lR; dks HkkSfrdoknh vkoj.k ls <dus dk
ckj&ckj iz;kl djrs gSaA bUgha ds dkj.k fpÙk dh vkUrfjd
'kqfprk dk LFkku cká vkpkj ys ysrs gSaA ik[kaM c<+us yxrk
gSA dnkpkj dk iks"k.k gksus yxrk gSA 

vkrad
,oa /keZ ijLij ,dne foijhrkFkZd gSaA /keZ vfgalk] mnkjrk] lfg’.kqrk]
midkfjrk ,oa ijfgr ds fy, R;kx fl[kkrk gS tcfd vkradokn fgalzrk]mxzrk
,oa dV~Vjrk] u`”kalrk] dzwjrk ,oa xSj yksxksa dk lagkj djuk
fl[kkrk gSA et+gc usdpyuh fl[kkrk gS( ng”krxnhZ og”khiu
fl[kkrk gSA et+gch jgefny gksrk gS( ng”krxnZ csjge gksrk gSA
et+gch eksefny gksrk gS( ng”krxnZ iRFkjfny gksrk gSA et+gch
cankuokt+ gksrk gS( ng”krxnZ t+Yykn gksrk gSA et+gch gennZ vkSj
esgjcku gksrk gS( ng”krxnZ og”kh vksSj nfjank gksrk gSA
et+gch lkfnd gksrk gS( ng”krxnZ nkst+[kh gksrk gSA

tc
/keZ @etgc dk ;FkkFkZ ve`r rÙo vkradokfn;ksa ds gkFkksa esa
dSn gks tkrk gS rc /keZ@etgc ds uke ij v/kkfeZdrk ,oa lkEiznkf;drk dk
tgj okrkoj.k esa ?kqyus yxrk gSA /keZ @etgc /keZ dh j{kk ds fy, /keZ
;qn~/k @ ts+gkn ds ukjs Hkksys Hkkys ukStokuksa ds fnekx esa
lkEiznkf;drk ,oa mxzoknh vkrad ds chtksa dk oiu dj mudks fouk’k]
fo/oal] rckgh] tulagkj ds thrs tkxrs vkSt+kj cuk Mkyrs gSaA

dhpM
dks dhpM ls lkQ ugha fd;k tk ldrkA vkradokn dks ;fn feVkuk gS] fueZwy
djuk gS rks /kekZpk;ksZa dks /keZ @etgc ds okLrfod ,oa ;FkkFkZ Lo:Ik
dks mn~?kkfVr djuk gksxk] foosfpr djuk gksxk] ehekaflr djuk gksxkA
lcdks feytqydj ,dLoj ls ;g izfrikfnr djuk gksxk fd ;fn fpÙk
esa jkx ,oa }s"k gS] esjs rsjs dk Hkko gS rks O;fDr /kkfeZd ugha
gks ldrkA lcdks feytqydj ,dLoj ls ;g izfrikfnr djuk gksxk fd /keZ u
dgha xk¡o esa gksrk gS vkSj u dgha taxy esa cfYd og rks
vUrjkRek esa gksrk gSA izR;sd izk.kh
ds vUnj mldk okl gS] bl dkj.k vius vUnj >kWaduk pkfg,] vUnj dh
vkokt lwuuk pkfg, rFkk vius g`n; vFkok fny dks vkpkjoku] pfj=oku]
usdpyu ,oa ikdht+ cukuk pkfg,A 'kkL=ksa ds i<+us ek= ls m)kj lEHko
ugha gSA D;k fdlh ^ije lÙkk* ,oa gekjs chp fdlh ^rhljs* dk
gksuk t:jh gS \ D;k viuh ykSfdd bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, bZ'oj @vYykg
ds lkeus 'kj.kkxr gksuk v/;kRe lk/kuk gS \ D;k /keZ&lk/kuk dh
Qy&ifj.kfr lkalfjd bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ esa fufgr gS \ lkalkfjd
bPNkvksa dh iwfrZ ds mn~ns'; ls vkjk/; dh HkfDr djuk /keZ gS vFkok
lkalkfjd bPNkvksa ds la;eu ds fy, lk/kuk&ekxZ ij vkxs c<+uk
/keZ gS \ D;k Luku djuk] fryd yxkuk] ekyk Qsjuk]  vkfn cká
vkpkj dh izfØ;kvksa dks /keZ&lk/kuk dk izk.k ekuk tk ldrk
gS \ /keZ dh lkFkZdrk oLrqvksa ,oa inkFkksZa ds laxzg esa gS vFkok
jkx&}s"k jfgr gksus esa gS \ /keZ dk jgL; laxzg] Hkksx]
ifjxzg] eeRo] vgadkj vkfn ds iks"k.k esa gS vFkok vfgalk] la;e]
ri] R;kx vkfn ds vkpj.k esa \

;fn
ge Hkkjro"kZ ds lanHkZ esa fopkj djsa rks mifu’kn~
;qx esa n'kZu vkSj fpUru ds /kjkry ij ftruh fo'kkyrk] O;kidrk ,oa
ekuoh;rk fon~;eku jgh ijorhZ dky esa] fo'ks’k
:Ik ls e/; ;qx esa oS;fDrd ,oa lkekftd vkpj.k ds /kjkry ij ugha jghA
tc fpUru ,oa O;ogkj esa fojks/k mRiUu gks x;k rks Hkkjrh; lekt dh
izxfr ,oa fodkl dh /kkjk Hkh vo#) gks x;hA mnkgj.kkFkZ] n'kZu ds
/kjkry ij mifu"kn~ ds fpUrdksa us izfrikfnr fd;k Fkk fd ;g ftruk
Hkh  LFkkoj taxe lalkj gS] og lc ,d gh ijczã ds }kjk
vkPNkfnr gSA mUgksaus lalkj ds lHkh izkf.k;ksa dks ^vkReor~* ekuus
,oa tkuus dk mn~?kks"k fd;k Fkk] exj lkekftd /kjkry ij lekt ds
lnL;ksa dks muds xq.kksa ds vk/kkj ij ugha vfirq tUe ds vk/kkj ij
tkfr;ksa] mitkfr;ks]a o.kksZa] mio.kksZa esa ck¡V fn;k x;k rFkk
buds chp Å¡p&uhp dh nhokjsa [kM+h dj nh xbZaA

e/;
;qx esa /keZ ds cká vkpkjksa ,oa vkMEcjksa dks lUr dfo;ksa us
mtkxj fd;kA lUr ukenso us ^ik[k.M Hkxfr jke ugh jh>sa* dgdj /keZ
ds rkfÙod Lo:i dh vksj /;ku vkd`"V fd;k rks dchj us ^tks
?kj Qw¡ds vkiuk] pys gekjs lkFk* dgdj

lk/kuk&iFk
ij f}/kkjfgr ,oa la'k;ghu eu%fLFkfr ls dkeukvksa ,oa ifjxzgksa dks
R;kx dj vkxs c<+us dk vkg~oku fd;kA iafMr yksx i<+&i<+dj
osnksa dk c[kku djrs gSa] fdUrq bldh lkFkZdrk D;k gS \ thou dh
pfjrkFkZrk vkRe&lk/kuk esa gS vkSj ,slh gh lk/kuk ds cy ij
nknwn;ky ;g dgus esa leFkZ gks lds fd ^dk;k vUrj ikb;k] lc nsou dks
nso*A dgus dk rkRi;Z dsoy ;g dguk vHkh’V
gS fd /keZ n'kZu dh okLrfod fo'kkyrk] O;kidrk ,oa ekuoh;rk dks
LokFkhZ rRo /keZ ds Bsdsnkj cudj /keZ ds uke ij vius LokFkkZsa dh
flfn~/k djus yxrs gSaA

            vkReLo:i
dk lk{kkRdkj vgadkj ,oa eeRo ds foLrkj ls lEHko ugha gSA vius dks
tkuus ds fy, vUr'psruk dh xgjkb;ksa esa mrjuk gksrk gSA /kkfeZd O;fDr
dHkh LokFkhZ ugha gks ldrkA vkRe&xos"kd viuh vkRek ls tc
lk{kkRdkj djrk gS rks og ^,d* dks tkudj ^lc* dks tku ysrk gS] igpku
ysrk gS] lcls viuRo&Hkko LFkkfir dj ysrk gSA vkRekuqla/kku dh
;k=k esa O;fDr ,dkdh ugha jg tkrk] mlds fy, l`f"V dk izR;sd
izk.kh
vkRerqY; gks tkrk gSA ,d dh igpku lcdh igpku gks tkrh gS rFkk lcdh
igpku ls og vius dks igpku ysrk gSA Hkk"kk ds /kjkry ij blesa
fojks/kkHkkl gks ldrk gS] v/;kRe ds /kjkry ij blesa ifjiwjdrk gSA tc
O;fDr vkRelk{kkRdkj ds fy, izR;sd ij&inkFkZ ds izfr vius eeRo ,oa
viuh vklfDr dk R;kx djrk gS rc og jkx&}s"kjfgr gks tkrk gS]
og vkRepsruk ls tqM+ tkrk gS] 'ks"k lcds izfr mlesa u jkx jgrk
gS u }s"kA blh izdkj tc  lk/kd l`f"V ds izR;sd izk.kh
dks vkRerqY; le>rk gS rc Hkh mldk u fdlh ls jkx jg tkrk gS vkSj u
fdlh ls }s"kA /keZ @etgc dk okLrfod vfHkizk; O;fDr ds fpÙk
dk 'kqf)dj.k gSA lalkj ds lHkh /keZ@etgc@fjfyt+u leLr izkf.k;ksa ds
izfr eS=hHkko] izseHkko rFkk leHkko gksuk fl[kkrs gSaA lalkj dk dksbZ
Hkh /keZ@etgc@fjfyt+u fugRFks yksxksa] efgykvksa] cPpksa dk lagkj
djuk ugha fl[kkrkA  bl n`f"V ls ^loZ/keZ leHkko* esa ls ;fn
fo'ks"k.kksa dks gVk nsa rks 'ks"k jg tkrk gS %
^/keZ&Hkko*A lEiznk; esa Hksn n`f"V gS] /keZ esa
vHksn&n`f"VA gekjh dkeuk gS fd fo'o esa blh vHksn&n`f"V
dk fodkl gksA /keZ ls igys tqM+us okyk dksbZ Hkh ^fo'ks"k.k*
fdlh Hkh fLFkfr esa dHkh Hkh vius ^fo'ks";* ls vf/kd egRoiw.kZ u
cusA 

fo'o
ds lHkh /keksZa@etgcksa @fjfyt+uksa  esa uSfrd ewY;ksa dk
izfriknu gS] ekuo ewY;ksa dh LFkkiuk gS] ekuo&tkfr esa lnkpkj.k
ds izlkj dk iz;kl gSA bu uSfrd ewY;ksa] ln~xq.kksa ,oa lnkpkjksa dks
O;Dr djus okyh 'kCnkoyh esa fHkUurk gksus ds dkj.k cká/kjkry
ij gesa /keksZa ds lk/kuk&i{k esa vUrj izrhr gksrk gS] rkfÙod
n`f"V ls lHkh /keZ euq"; ds ln~i{k dks mtkxj djrs gSa]
lkekftd thou esa 'kkfUr] cU/kqRo] izse] vfgalk ,oa lerkewyd fodkl ds
i{k/kj gSaA izR;sd /keZ esa O;fDr ds jkx&}s"k ds dkj.kksa
dks nwj djus dk fo/kku Li"V gSA Øks/k ls }s"k dk
rFkk vgadkj] ek;k ,oa yksHk ls jkx dk ifjikd gksrk gSA O;fDr {kek
}kjk Øks/k dks] eknZo ;k fouezrk }kjk vgadkj dks] vktZo ;k
fu"diVrk }kjk ek;k ;k r`".kk dks rFkk 'kqfprk }kjk yksHk
dks thrrk gSA rnuUrj O;fDr lR; dk izdk'k izkIr dj ikrk gSA la;e ds
}kjk O;fDr bfUnz;ksa dh fo"k;&mUeq[krk ij izfrcU/k yxkrk gS
;k mUgsa fu;af=r djrk gSA ri :ih vfXu esa d"kk;] okluk,¡]
dYe"krk,¡ ty tkrh gSaA blds ckn O;fDr lafpr inkFkksZa dk
R;kx djrk gS] oLrqvksa ds izfr vklfDr lekIr djrk gS rFkk dke Hkko dks
la;r dj dke&okluk ij fot; izkIr djrk gSAfofHkUu /keksZa ds
vkpk;ksZa dks /keZ ds lk/kuk i{k dh lekurk dks mtkxj djus dk iz;kl
djuk pkfg,A

vkradokn
dks ;fn fuewZy djuk gS rks lHkh /keksZa @etgcksa ds
/keZxq+#vksa@ekSyfo;ksa dks  loZ/keZ leHkko dh mnkÙk
psruk dk fodkl djuk gksxkA eroknkas dk Hksn gekjs Kku ,oa izfriknu
'kfDr dh viw.kZrk ds dkj.k gSA,dkaxh izfriknu ds dkj.k os ijLij
fojks/kh izrhr gksrs gSaA fojks/kksa dk 'keu lEHko gSA izrh;eku
fojks/kh n'kZuksa esa leUo; LFkkfir fd;k tk ldrk gSA ;g vyx ls
foospuk dh vis{kk j[krk gSA lEizfr] ;g dguk vHkh’V
gS fd &”ßbZ’oj
vYykg rsjks uke] lcdks lUefr ns HkxokuAÞ 

The concept of embodied soul and liberated soul in Jain philosophy

The concept of embodied soul and liberated soul in Jain philosophy
Professor Mahavir Saran Jain

The Jain philosophy accepts the independent existence of living being as also of the non- living being. It is the consciousness which draws an eternal dividing line between them. The living being has consciousness whereas non- living being does not have it. The independent existence of living being is definitely due to the consciousness. All living beings have consciousness which is known as the soul. The soul and body are two different entities. The doctrine of soul is the fundamental to the other philosophies also. For example, Ataman is declared to be one, eternal, conscious, of the nature of bliss. In some passages of the Upanishads, the Ataman is identified with Brahman.
The soul/self is that through which one knows. ( We will use the words ‘ soul’ and/or ‘ self ’as the synonyms of Sanskrit word ‘ Ataman’ and Hindi word ‘Aatmaa ‘.) In the absence of the self there cannot be (any) knowledge; therefore, knowledge is the self. According to the physical perspective, body and soul are the same. According to the spiritual perspective, the soul and body are never identical.
Bhagawaana Mahaaveera says—" Ataman (i.e., the soul) is that which knows. The definition that the soul is the knower is based on the substantial standpoint, which integrates Chetanaa (consciousness) and Upayoga (conscious activity). Another definition of the soul is—"The soul is that through which one knows." It is a differentiate definition, for it accepts both the aspects of the soul, i.e., (a) soul is subject of the quest itself and (b) it is also the means to know it.
Existence of soul:
The soul has existence. I am happy. I am said. In these sentences, feelings involving "I " automatically proves the existence of the soul. The Jain philosophy states that the soul does exist. In this sentence, the word soul is used as a subjective. The expressions such as 'the soul exists', 'this exists' or 'that exists' are all subjective. In Aachaaranga (1/5/5), it is said:
Je aayaa se vinnaayaa, je vinnaayaa se aayaa (The self is knower and the knower is self). In this sentence, the word soul/self is used as a subjective as well as an objective. In reality, the soul is non-verbal. A word cannot be synonymous with the soul. The soul is unknowable, invisible, undetectable, imperceptible and non-corporeal existence. He who knows is knowledge; the self does not become a knower with knowledge as an unrelated instrument. The very self develops knowledge, and all the objects stand (reflected) in the knowledge. In the absence of the self there cannot be (any) knowledge; therefore, knowledge is the self.
The knower has knowledge for this nature and all the objects are within the range of the knowledge, just as the objects of sight are within the ken of the eye, if there is no mutual inherence.
The knower, who is beyond sense-perception, necessarily knows and sees the whole world neither entering into nor entered into by the objects of knowledge, just as the eye sees the objects of sight.
The existence of the soul is justifiable also on the ground that the soul is endowed with other qualities also. They are remembrance, desire for knowledge, desire for activity, desire for movements and doubt etc. These are self-evident, for they are realized by one self. Hence, the self is also self evident.
According to Aacharya Kundakunda, the self is subject to transformation with regard to knowledge, action and fruit; therefore the self should be understood as consisting of knowledge, action and fruit. (Pravachanasaara, 2/35)
It can assume different forms and names in different states of existence but its substantial nature remains unchanged just as gold remains gold in different ornaments made of gold.
Living being and soul/self:
So long as living beings have embodied existence in the known universe, qualities of sound, color, smell, taste and touch etc., are present in them. The moment they liberate themselves from the bondage, sound, color, smell, taste and touch etc., have absolutely no relation to them. None of them is a denomination or the nature of the soul. Completely developed, incompletely developed, minute and gross, all these modifications pertaining only to the body are given the appellation of living being in the scripture from the empirical perspective of the mundane state.
From the transcendental perspective, living being and soul are one and the same. From empirical point of view, we can try to indicate both the terms, i.e. Living being & Soul. Linguistically, we can state that one is subject and the other is object. Philosophically, we can state that one is dravya (substance) and the other is guNa (attribute). Spiritually, we can affirm that one is an embodied soul (a soul limited or affected by karmic veil) and the other is liberated soul or who attains self-realization. Logically, we can state that one (living being) is pervade and the other (soul) is pervaded. Soul is also said to be self out of all living beings.
Consciousness is Comparable to Sun: The sun, which, even though overcast by the clouds, retains the power to reveal its appearance. In the same way, the consciousness in the form of knowledge, which exists in the soul, cannot be overshadowed by the veils (of karma). Some of the rays of the development of consciousness continuously remain manifest. If they do not manifest themselves, it would not be possible to draw a dividing line between the living being and non- living being.
On the basis of this fact, two states of the soul do emerge:-
Covered-cum-uncovered consciousness in non-active condition= Knowledge of the object to be known does not occur.
Covered-cum-uncovered consciousness in active condition= knowledge of the object to be known occurs.
From the transcendental view point, any veil around the soul is temporary, since it is 'paudgalika' (pertaining to physical substance). Soul is ultimately able to redeem itself from that paudgalika shell. But this happens only with human beings and does not relate to other living creatures.
The primary characteristic of Soul:
It has been described that Consciousness is its fundamental characteristic or nature. The soul is capable of upayoga (manifestation of consciousness into intuition and knowledge/ cognitive activity of knowledge and perception). In Tatttvaarthasutra (2/8), it is said that upayoga is the distinctive mark of the soul/self. (Upayoga laxaNam).
Upayoga is of two kinds, with form and without form. The formless upayoga is understood as vision (darshana) where as the upayoga with form is the cognition of the object; it is called Jňaana.
Caitanya (consciousness) is an eternal characteristic of the soul. Its veil is a non-eternal aspect because it is paudgalika, i.e., material or physical in nature. It is opposed to the real nature of the soul. The veil comes as an influx. The process of elimination of the shell of such bondages could be seen in varying degrees among different living beings. Total unveiling is possible only in case of humans.
Some of other important points of the nature of soul are following:
(1) With respect to time, the soul is without any beginning or end. It is neither created nor produced and hence it has no beginning. It is eternal, uncreated, non-concrete, immaterial, disembodied/incorporeal and beyond the range of physical vision. The soul is dravyaatmaa, hence is a reality.
(2) The soul is completely independent. Each soul is a separate entity.
(3) Infinite souls exist in the universe.
(4) It is doer and agent of its acts. Nobody else is the benefactor or agent of its activities. It is responsible for all its activities and their results. From empirical point of view, it is the doer and enjoyer of its material acts. It is said:’ Appaa kattaa vikattaa ya, duhaaNa ya suhaaNa ya A appaa mittamamittam cha, dupaTiThao - My own self is the doer and non-doer of misery and happiness. My own self is a friend and foe in accordance with the well or bad acts. (Uttaraadhyayana sutra, 20/37)
A liberated soul attains infinite knowledge, infinite perception, infinite conduct, infinite power and infinite bliss which have no end.
(5) An embodied soul expands and contracts in shape and size according to the body it lives in at different times. It co-exists in the entire body it owns.
The living being and the Body:
It is already said that so long as living beings have embodied existence, characteristics of sound, color, smell, taste and touch etc., are present in them. In other words, a soul is bounded by karmic veil; delusion, attachment and aversion are existing to some extent in an embodied soul. Some of those ignorant people, not knowing the true nature of the self, assert that the self is identical with such psychic states as desire, etc. In the same way some others state that the self is identical with karmic matter. Others believe the psychic potency, which determines the intensity or mildness of conscious states to be the soul. Still others identify the soul with non-karma matter which forms the constituent elements of the various kinds of organic bodies. Some consider the manifestation of karma (resulting in pleasure or pain) to be the Self. Some others consider the self to be the product of the combination of the various physical entities.
The various characteristics referred to above are all the result of the manifestation of karmic matter. How can they be then attributed to the pure self? In the (pure) soul there is no color, no smell, no taste, no touch, no visible form, no body, no bodily shape, and no skeletal structure. In the (pure) soul there is neither desire nor aversion. No delusion is found therein. There is no karmic condition, nor karmic matter, nor non-karmic matter in it. (Anne khalu kaamabhogaa, anno ahammasi, Sutra kritaanga, 2/1/13)
Each embodied soul has three kinds of bodies—
1. Audaarika Body (gross body) or the physical body
2. Taijas Body (subtle body) or the electromagnetic body
3. Karmic (or KaarmaNa) body (subtle body)
The first one is built by the living being at the time of birth and ceases with death. It is built in correspondence with the 'Karmic' body and therefore, all the centers of 'Karmic' body which are responsible for the development and obstruction of chetanaa (consciousness) have their corresponding centers in the physical or gross body. The 'Karmic' body controls attitudes, behavior and conduct of a living being. The 'Taijas' and the 'Karmic' bodies continuously accompany the living being, even between the intervening period i.e., the death and the next birth, which is called the 'antaraal gati'—transmigratory motion. The re-incarnation of the living being and building of the new physical body is possible due to them. Sometimes, it takes the human form; at other times, it may be an animal, and so on. Sometimes, it undergoes evolution and sometimes, it undergoes devolution. The descent from a developed into an undeveloped state and the vice-versa—both are due to the free will of consciousness itself. Internally, the kaSaaya (passions) are responsible for that. The kaSaaya is tented mind and tented consciousness. The laws that govern the non-living physical matter are not binding on pure consciousness. The living being in the mundane state has a form, and a body. The soul has the extension in the body equivalent to its size. Therefore it is called 'dehaparimaaNee`. ‘The soul acts through the nervous system reaching out to the entire body. In this state, knowledge, perception & power of the empirical living being is limited or affected by karmic veil.
PraaNa: A Bridge
'PraaNa' (vital energy) is a bridge between the living being and the body. It is the PraaNic energy which directs actions, speech and emotions of the living body. The PraaNa can be divided into ten kinds based on the different functions that each of our limbs perform. In the first five, the PraaNa is related to the sense-organs. The other five are responsible respectively for the activities of physique, respiration, speech, mind and the duration of life-span.
Pure soul (liberated from the bonds of Karma):
It is free from all such bondages and it remains eternally in its pure elemental form. In the mundane state, there is both evolution and devolution, whereas in the liberated state there is no evolution or devolution, since all the attributes of soul like knowledge, intuition, bliss and power have attained the irreversible and super most stage of infinity. The discriminative knowledge of the Self leads to discarding all alien dispositions, knowing them to be entirely foreign to the nature of the Self. When is free from all the karmic impurities, as a result of the infinite strength that is now its nature, It becomes still and unshakable like the great Meru mountain. This state is called Shaileshee (rock like). (Dashavaikaalika, 4/24)
At the end of this state, all the paudagalik impurities are destroyed in totality. Now it is pure consciousness. In other words, when the human being settles down in the state of 'Chaitanya' i.e., pure consciousness, its dual personality fades out and one attains a truly 'Kaayotsarga' (emancipated) personality due to total annihilation of all the Karma. Emancipated souls are ones who are devoid of the eight types of karmas, having attained peace, are devoid of all thought of blemish, are eternal, are equipped with eight auspicious qualifications, are such as have already accomplished whatever had to be accomplished and are residing at the top of the universe. There, it attains the stage by becoming totally free from 'Pudgala' and rests in pure 'Chaitanya' and that is the eternal bliss—ever free from physical effects.
In the (pure) soul there is neither desire nor aversion. No delusion is found therein. There is no karmic condition, nor karmic matter, nor non-karmic matter in it.
In the (pure) soul there is no varga (atomic potency), no vargaNaa (molecules or group of atoms), and no spardhaka (aggregates of molecules). There is no ego-consciousness of different types and no (karmic) manifestations (resulting in pleasure-pain experience).
In the (pure) soul, there is no activity of maanas (mind), vachana (speech), kaaya (body)), there is no karmic bondage; there is no effective manifestation of karma.
In the (pure) soul there is no stage of the duration of bondage, or of emotional excitement or of self-purification or of the acquisition of self-control.
The classification of the organic beings (according to the principle of biological development) and the classification of man (according to the principle of ethic-spiritual development) are not applicable to the pure soul, since all the above-mentioned differences are the result of the manifestation of the material conditions. The stages of spiritual development are (predicted) of the soul from the empirical perspective; but from the point of view of reality, not one of these can be predicted of the soul.
The liberated souls/ pure souls / siddhas are omniscient.
The omniscient lord neither accepts nor abandons, nor transforms the external objectivity; he sees all around, and knows everything completely.
The knowledge operates on the objects, just as a sapphire, thrown in the milk, pervades the whole of it with its luster.
If those are not within the knowledge, knowledge cannot be all pervasive; the knowledge is all-pervasive, how then objects do not exist in it?
All modifications present and absent, of all those types of substances, stand essentially (reflected) in the knowledge, as if in the present.
Those, which have never originated and those, in fact, that have been and are already destroyed are the absent modifications; they are directly visualized in omniscience.
If that omniscience would not directly visualize the future and past modifications, who then would call that knowledge omniscience?
If that omniscience would not directly visualize the future and past modifications, who then would call that knowledge super-natural?
A liberated soul has the right faith and vision, omniscience of a specific and general nature and which never diminishes nor is ever destroyed.
It is beyond the cycle of birth and death, since it attains the status of siddha. It stays in this state forever and without end. It does not get born again in any other form. In this state, it reaches the final destination at the top-most level of the cosmos known as ‘Siddhaksetra ‘.
A liberated soul is also a substance and a substance is that which is eternal. Hence a liberated soul is real and not “non-existing” as comprehended by Vedanta philosophy. A liberated soul does not dissolve its self in ‘Paramaatmaa (supreme soul) but itself becomes a supreme soul. ( siddhinivaasashcha yadaa, paramaatmaa syaattadaa vyaktah, Adhyaatmasaara,20/24)